As for us, We forgot to be afraid of lightning, the thunder, and the downpour, just as a droplet in the ocean has no fear of a hurricane 1)
T]hrough a crowd of hundreds of just such doomed innocents as yourself … [y]ou really can and you really ought to cry out—to cry out that you are being arrested! That villains in disguise are trapping people! … That millions are being subjected to silent reprisals! If many such outcries had been heard all over the city in the course of a day, would not our fellow citizens perhaps have begun to bristle? 2)
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn cries out, recalling the first moment those rough hands dragged him into a life of a zek 3), like the experiences of millions of others. Why didn’t he resist the oppression of the bluecaps? Why didn’t we immediately resist to weaken structural violence? Along with the powerlessness that one feels amidst the strong tides of violence, Solzhenitsyn reveals that he persevered for twenty-five years to wage a counterattack against an immense power. Should he return to our times, however, he may have no choice but to keep his silence, unable to express immediate resistance or weathered counterarguments. It is because his gestures of resistance would be drowned in countless “cries.” We can no longer easily see the structural violence exerted by immense powers like the one he witnessed. Utilizing “desire” as a medium, the unequivocally unethical and uneven use of power successfully hid its appearance behind the silhouette of the everyday of countless individuals, from their motivations to their actions. While power still works in a single direction, it is only made sporadically and fragmentally visible through the individual. As such, brave cries—like that of Solzhenitsyn—against unethical violence unfortunately wash away in the noise or instigate animosity from their “compatriots.” Solzhenitsyn’s desperate pleas would now be considered a madman’s cry for attention. Lost in the chirpings of blue epaulettes 4), his cries will merely fold into countless instances of violence and devolve into infinite chaos.
At a time when cries against violence lose their target and blend into other forms of violence, what violence does “Ring: a Circle and a Square” attempt to identify and discuss? What more is there to say about violence? The curator states, “individuals with unique lives will react to and empathize with different forms of violence. The exhibition surveys different everydays in which the artist approaches violence.” If the exhibition attempts to express the various violences and grasp them through the images of individual artists, it has to present a shape of infinite angles, a circle. The exhibition, however, points to the square in a ring, a territory where original violence is exchanged physically at the sound of a bell. A space of rules that blocks the exit until the last bell dings, and forces those in it to renew their strengths in the corners at every bell. A cold-hearted place that determines its winner after bloody fights. What does the exhibition attempt to describe through this unusual space of agreed-upon violence? Through works that easily lend themselves to misreadings, I aim to read the exhibition’s ring and what goes on it.
Though it can be misread as a form of investigation that likens violence to scientific logic, Euirock Lee’s “Lagrange Point” on the basement level is a work that accurately paves the foundation of the ring. Before we reach an easy comprehension, we need to remember why the artist kindly explains the scientific facts of gravity and gravitational waves through the words of scientists. The artist questions what it means to stand at a point in which forces—from the gravitational pull from the land we inevitably stand on to other gravities of the moon, the sun and other planetary bodies nearby—cancel each other out. It seems almost ironic that the artist states that we can only imagine whether Lagrange Point will yield observational peace free from immense power, or the anxiety of deferment that we do not know which direction we will soon be pulled towards. It is because we estimate our own vectors while standing on the net of space-time woven by violence and the resulting point is one of both observation and deferment. Thus the artist’s question is closer to a self-directed question on whether we are really standing on the Lagrange Point of violence, rather than asking what state Lagrange Point is. As the artist answers his own question towards the end of the work, the usual delusion of neutrality collapses through weighted strengths and memory, just as interferences or gravitational waves of other heavenly bodies easily disturb the point of gravitational neutrality. As gravity bends space-time and distorts the perspectives of 3-dimensional beings through tremendous penetrability, memory connects here and there and refracts the images it absorbs. In the way that measuring gravitational waves attempts to visualize the invisible force of gravitational collision, the artist’s efforts to seek the original image bent from the weight of memory equates to the act of painting the bend that power inscribed on the image. The last image of the work resists faint lights and presents the artist’s measurements. It is an image of fluctuations and waves that cannot be calmed, that swells over and under water, and beyond the stationary camera lens. Rather than emphasizing the blind spot of multifaceted forms of violence, this analogy points to our condition thrashed hither and thither by invisible memories and forces. The work then establishes the foundation of the exhibition as the fact that we, too, are implicated in violence and crash into other forms of violence, as we all exist atop the waves of force.
Then is the angular ring a space that determines the magnitude of power under the assumption that everyone exerts violence? Is it a place of inverted rules in which one who throws more punches loses? However, the ring stands on the foundation of waves because waves follow the flow of force and ultimately crash onto the shore. Where Euirock Lee’s waves crash into is another point on the same foundation, Mooyoung Kim’s “Inscribed Senses.” As if interrogating the yellowed images, the voice of the work leads us through the hypnosis of retracing the history of ideology inscribed in those images. What the rumination reveals is the flow of power that still adorns monuments even after the facade of ideology disintegrates. For a voice to announce how an architectural structure changed its purpose—from a forum for ideological speech, and a distribution center of reorganized images to a propaganda center for customary formality and a temporary depot for subjects—is to enumerate the variants that those in power used to (re)distribute themselves by infecting hosts and concentrating objects. When we skim off the individuality in the outward appearances of variants and bring the commonalities together, we come to a schoolyard. A schoolyard, a podium of power and an empty space to assemble subjects, echo historical incidents of violence intertwined with the space. Summoning past violence begins with representing through images. Yet the problem remains; the clause “in spite of” may help us grasp the identity of violence by overcoming an image’s lack, the records still demonstrate violence as contradicting one another.
It is because an image is subject to power, in this case, an ideology, just as the voice in the work evinces. At the same time, the voice suggests that we look into an oppositional image resulting from diametrically oppositional ideologies, and point to the common figure. The figure is both the perpetrator and victim, a dual figure of surreptitious espionage. At least here, (we can dare to state that) it is not a huge issue that the figure is male or female. It is because the identity of the subject does not matter when power selects its scapegoat to take the fall for violence (when specific subjects, such as those on the margins of established identities, lend themselves easily to the perpetuation of power, they become marked targets as easy prey.) When we examine how images represent overlapping figures of perpetrators and victims, we can finally reveal the ways in which power attempts to create false suspects for its actions. As such, the revelation, “my voice can show my hands, mouth and eyes, but this is not my voice,” does not offer an unconditional immunity for an image to represent a subject. Rather, it is a roundabout call to move beyond the image’s problematic methods of representation to reveal the uneven distribution of power that lurks behind. To suppose that we can capture the agent of violence only through an image’s representation of violence, is to argue that we need to see beyond the perpetrator or victims of violence.
Could the exhibition be likened to stating that we should look beyond the spotlight on the ring, and beyond the enthusiasm of the audience to see the invisible hands that rig the bloody fights for profit? Or is the ring a podium for a cautionary tale that we should all grow the wisdom to see through the images of violence that power skillfully hides? “From a YouTube Star’s Perspective” seems to reaffirm this. The work begins with a juxtaposition; on one hand lies an anti-communist film’s portrayal of the sacrifices soldiers made to fight the brutalities of the commies, and, on the other, an old man regurgitating political slogans of the ruling class while drawing a parallel between the face of a martyr and his own. Violence settled in images in the anti-communist films and the old man’s propagandic statements seem to establish their target or foundational ideologies as a clear case of violence. Just as the work begins with a juxtaposition of the YouTuber sputtering partisan claims with a soldier spraying an automatic rifle in anger from his comrade’s death, the images of violence, to borrow the YouTuber’s words, disorientingly blend together like fighter jets midair in battle and makes it impossible to identify the justification for each side. For instance, the (images of) violence denouncing commies that side with the heroic images of a soldier is a form of an execution of a spy who aims his gun even at a religious devotee, a treacherous party member, and an execution in an orderly line, or in indiscriminate dragging of bodies. However, mixed in between are oppositional images: an old woman disappearing with the bullet from a South Korean soldier; an agent torturing his subject with a smile; an American pistol with its trigger heartlessly pulled against someone’s back; and special forces, dressed in North Korean fatigues, humiliating commies. In the images separated from individual logic and cast against one other, violence loses its ability to identify combatants and reveals its immorality. At the same time, to be called to face the brutality of violence is the work of authority that attempts to weave together images to line up authority itself and those converted to it in front of a firing squad. Look at these images of old people’s incoherent everydays folded between images of battle, and old generations with withering knees occupying public squares under the slogan, “save the nation.” They are the dual figures as victims of anti-communist films and their ideologies, and as perpetrators who self-justify these ideologies and exert ideological violence. Just as it was insignificant whether the accomplice was a perpetrator or a victim in Inscribed Senses, what is important in From a YouTube Star’s Perspective is the vestiges of power inscribed in their perspectives.
At the end of dense readings, I ask, what is the “ring” that the exhibitions discuss? To return to the opening of the essay, Solzhenitsyn excavated the expansive canals of gulags through which the blood of thousands flowed from Lubyanka 5) to midway prisons, to punishment cells, and eventually to freezing lands of exile. However, we are now in the open ocean at the end of images, the canals of power. In the open ocean of violence, it seems impossible to uncover the nodes of the roots of power that snuck onto the swelling surface. Yet the exhibition recognizes that we can no longer hide behind the anxious escapism and passively watch or delay investigations into the flow of power. Hence, on the billowing foundation of the ring, the exhibition sets up a rope in a square in an enclosure called “in spite of.” Against the din of paired-up works punching one another, the fighters in the ring are images representing violence. To be exact, it is us in differently colored uniforms called images. We are the delegates of power that detain images, and the sacrifices detained in images. Now that we are in the ring, we need to make the punches count. But our punches are not to K.O. one another. As the curator quotes, “even if we, at times, come to doubt each other and hate each other to death,” we are not enemies. This Pain “(of truth is) bitterness (…) comes not from an adversary but from a friend” 6) aimed at dismantling each other’s armor. At the same time, the image dressed in black and white must be the referee who ensures that the fight does not result in impossible scuffles or a stalemate. Finally, what the referee raises in the end is not the hand of the winner or the fallen loser, but violence’s shed skin. Yet we must not focus on the spotlight, on the shape of the skin, since power continues to shift through religious faith, through ideology and through capital. At the end of the “journey we cannot abandon,” we must face the shadow of the skin, the mold of the armor, and the tiny uneven edges of the image.
The ring is now open. Only one question remains. How will we continue to “ring” the bell to announce that we are all in it?
1) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, A Storm in the Mountains(translated by Michael Glenny)
2) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Vol.1,
3) зек , Russian slang term for a prisoner.
4) Under Stalin's rule, agents of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), who were responsible for counterintelligence, political purges, domestic security, and correctional facilities, wore distinctive blue caps and uniforms.
5) A colloquial term referring to the NKVD building (later the KGB and now the FSB) located in the center of Lubyanka Square in Moscow. The building has served both as the agency's headquarters and as a prison used for interrogation and detention.
6) Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart”, National Review, July 7 1978, 836.